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Development of a methodology for the ssessment of Radon spatial distribution: Application to the Greek territory

Kolovou Maria

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Summary

This doctoral thesis presents the development, implementation, and evaluation of a scientifically validated and comprehensive methodology for the measurement, analysis, and spatial mapping of indoor radon (²²²Rn) concentrations in dwellings and workplaces across Greece. Radon, a naturally occurring radioactive gas resulting from the decay of ²²⁶Ra in the 238U series, constitutes the most significant source of natural radiation exposure for humans and is recognized as a major contributor to lung cancer risk. Therefore, assessing its concentrations is of critical importance for radiation protection. For the first time in Greece, a large-scale radon survey was conducted in both residential and occupational environments across all administrative regions, using CR-39 passive solid-state nuclear track detectors. These detectors were calibrated and verified through participation in international intercomparison exercises at the Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) in Germany. The collected data were integrated into a novel, dynamic digital radon database specifically developed in the framework of this research. This database, which is unique at the national level and among the few of its kind internationally, combines radon measurements with geological, structural, energy-related, and demographic parameters, enabling multidimensional statistical and spatial analysis.The data analysis confirmed the log-normal distribution of indoor radon concentrations. The highest values were recorded in areas with elevated uranium content in the underlying geology and in older buildings. A statistically significant correlation was established between radon concentration and year of construction: dwellings built before 1970 exhibited substantially higher levels, while those constructed after 2000 also showed increased concentrations, attributed to reduced air permeability in modern, energy-efficient structures. A dedicated case study was also conducted in tourist caves, where elevated radon levels were identified, leading to effective doses for staff that, in certain cases, exceeded the regulatory occupational limit of 6 mSv/year. The dose assessment was based on adjusted dose conversion factors in accordance with ICRP(International Commission on Radiological Protection) Publication 137. The thesis proposes a dynamic tool for the management of radon measurement data, which can effectively support national radiation protection policies and the evidence-based implementation of the National Radon Action Plan. The results make a substantial contribution to documenting population exposure to radon in Greece and shaping strategies to reduce radiological burden, ultimately promoting public health

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